#bursting with two slow variable
#units: V=mV; t=ms; g=pS; I=fA
#Reference:  Bertram and Sherman. 
#Calcium-based model for pancreatic islets
#Figure 9A...medium bursting produced through the 
#      		phantom burting mechanism converted to fast 
#		bursting by activation of IP3
#initial conditions
init v=-60.0, c=0.09, n=0.03, cer=95

#parameters
par gca=1200, gkca=700, gk=3000, gkatp=230
par vca=25, vk=-75, cm=5300
par taun=16, alpha=4.5e-6
par fcyt=0.01, kpmca=0.2, kd=0.3
par vn=-16, vm=-20, sn=5, sm=12
par kserca=0.4, dact=0.35, dinact=0.4 
par fer=0.01, pleak=0.0005, dip3=0.5, vcer=5, tip3=1e5

ip3=if(t<tip3)then(0.0)else(0.3)

#ionic currents
ica(v)=gca*minf(v)*(v-vca)
ik(v)=gk*n*(v-vk)
ikca(v)=gkca*w*(v-vk)
ikatp(v)=gkatp*(v-vk)

#activation functions
minf(v)=1.0/(1.0+exp((vm-v)/sm))
ninf(v)=1.0/(1.0+exp((vn-v)/sn))

#fraction of K(Ca) channels activated by cytosolic Ca2+
w=c^5/(c^5+kd^5)

#flux of Ca2+ through the membrane
jmem=-(alpha*Ica(v)+kpmca*c)

#Ca2+ influx into the ER via SERCA 
jserca=kserca*c

#efflux out of the ER has two components
# 1. Ca2+ leak is proportional to gradient between Ca2+ and ER
jleak=pleak*(cer-c)

# 2. Ca2+ efflux through the IP3R
jip3=oinf*(cer-c)

#fraction of open channels
oinf=((c/(dact+c))^3)*((ip3/(dip3+ip3))^3)*(dinact/(dinact+c))^3

#net Ca2+ efflux from the ER
jer=jleak+jip3-jserca

#differential equations
v'=-(ica(v)+ik(v)+ikca(v)+ikatp(v))/cm
n'=(ninf(v)-n)/taun
c'=fcyt*(jmem+jer)
cer'=-fer*(vcer)*jer

aux ex=gkca*w
aux omega=w
aux tsec=t/1000.0

@ meth=cvode, dtmax=1, dt=2, total=250000, maxstor=1000000
@ bounds=1000, xp=tsec,  yp=v, toler=1.0e-10, atoler=1.0e-10
@ xlo=0, xhi=250, ylo=-80, yhi=-20

done